![]() Urinary tract infection . A bladder infection is called cystitis. If bacterial infection spreads to the kidneys and ureters, the condition is called pyelonephritis. Cystitis is considered a lower urinary tract infection. Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection and is much more serious. Detox Soup Recipe For Weight Loss How To Lose Weight In Four Days Lose 30 40 Pounds In 30 Days Diet Plan how to lose 5 lbs in 2 days detox How To Lose 15 Pounds In 3. Learn more about weight loss surgery options and the POSE procedure, an incisionless weight loss procedure, at WLS Help. Risk Factors. Women are more susceptible to urinary tract infections than men, and their infections tend to recur. One reason is that the urethra (the tube that carries urine away from the bladder) is shorter in women than in men. Frequent sexual intercourse also increases a woman’s risk of developing UTIs.
Contraceptive spermicides and diaphragm use are other risk factors. When women reach menopause, the decrease in estrogen thins the lining of the urinary tract, which increases susceptibility to bacterial infections. Pregnancy does not increase the risk of getting a urinary tract infection but it can increase the risk of developing a serious infection that could potentially harm the mother and fetus. Pregnant women should report any symptoms of UTIs to their doctors, and should get screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria (presence of significant numbers of bacteria without symptoms). Symptoms. Symptoms of urinary tract infections may include: Strong urge to urinate frequently, even immediately after the bladder is emptied. Painful burning sensation when urinating. Discomfort, pressure, or bloating in the lower abdomen. Pain in the pelvic area or back. Cloudy or bloody urine, which may have a strong smell. A urine test can determine if these symptoms are caused by a bacterial infection. Antibiotics are used to treat UTIs. Older people may have a urinary tract infection but have few or no symptoms. Treatment. Antibiotics are used to treat UTIs. Most cases of UTIs clear up after a few days of drug treatment, but more severe cases may require several weeks of treatment. Fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin) are now only recommended when other antibiotics are not appropriate. Cranberries for UTI Protection. Cranberry products may help prevent UTIs in some women especially those with recurrent infections, indicates a 2. Drinking several glasses of cranberry juice a day appeared to offer more protection than taking cranberry tablets. Researchers think that cranberries help prevent harmful bacteria from attaching and sticking to urinary tract cells. Introduction. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a condition in which one or more parts of the urinary system (the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra) become infected. UTIs are the most common of all bacterial infections and can occur at any time in the life of an individual. Nearly 9. 5% of cases of UTIs are caused by bacteria that typically multiply at the opening of the urethra and travel up to the bladder. Much less often, bacteria spread to the kidney from the bloodstream. The male and female urinary tracts are similar except for the length of the urethra. The urinary system helps maintain proper water and salt balance throughout the body and also expels urine from the body. It is made up of the following organs and structures: The two kidneys, located on each side below the ribs and toward the middle of the back, play the major role in this process. They filter waste products, water, and salts from the blood to form urine. Urine passes from each kidney to the bladder through thin tubes called ureters. Ureters empty the urine into the bladder, which rests on top of the pelvic floor. The pelvic floor is a muscular structure similar to a sling running between the pubic bone in front to the base of the spine. The bladder stores the urine. When the bladder becomes filled, the muscle in the wall of the bladder contracts, and the urine leaves the body via another tube called the urethra. In men the urethra is enclosed in the penis. In women, it leads directly out. Defense Systems Against Bacteria. Infection does not always occur when bacteria are introduced into the bladder. A number of defense systems protect the urinary tract against infection- causing bacteria: Urine functions as an antiseptic, washing potentially harmful bacteria out of the body during normal urination. Lactobacilli produce hydrogen peroxide, which helps eliminate bacteria and reduces the ability of Escherichia coli (E. UTIs are generally classified as: Uncomplicated or complicated, depending on the factors that trigger the infections. Primary or recurrent, depending on whether the infection is occurring for the first time or is a repeat event. Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)Uncomplicated UTIs are due to a bacterial infection, most often E. They affect women much more often than men. Cystitis. Cystitis, or bladder infection, is the most common urinary tract infection. It occurs in the lower urinary tract (the bladder and urethra) and nearly always in women. In most cases, the infection is brief and acute and only the surface of the bladder is infected. Deeper layers of the bladder may be harmed if the infection becomes persistent, or chronic, or if the urinary tract is structurally abnormal. Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection). Sometimes the infection spreads to the upper tract (the ureters and kidneys). This is called pyelonephritis, or more commonly, a kidney infection. Complicated Urinary Tract Infections. Complicated infections, which occur in men and women of any age, are also caused by bacteria but they tend to be more severe, more difficult to treat, and recurrent. They are often the result of: Some anatomical or structural abnormality that impairs the ability of the urinary tract to clear out urine and therefore bacteria. Catheter use in the hospital setting or chronic indwelling catheter in the outpatient setting,Bladder and kidney dysfunction, or kidney transplant (especially in the first 3 months after transplant). Recurrences can occur in patients with complicated UTI if the underlying structural or anatomical abnormalities are not corrected. Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections. Most women who have had an uncomplicated UTI have occasional recurrences. About 2. 5 - 5. 0% of these women can expect another infection within a year of the previous one. Between 3 - 5% of women have ongoing, recurrent urinary tract infections, which follow the resolution of a previous treated or untreated episode. Recurrence is often categorized as either reinfection or relapse: Reinfection. Most cases of recurring UTIs are reinfections. A reinfection occurs several weeks after antibiotic treatment has cleared up the initial episode and can be caused by the same bacterial strain that caused the original episode or a different one. The infecting organism is usually introduced through fecal bacteria and moves up through the urinary tract. Relapse. Relapse is the less common form of recurrent urinary tract infection. It is diagnosed when a UTI recurs within 2 weeks of treatment of the first episode and is due to treatment failure. Relapse usually occurs in kidney infection (pyelonephritis) or is associated with obstructions such as kidney stones, structural abnormalities or, in men, chronic prostatitis. Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection (Asymptomatic Bacteriuria)When a person has no symptoms of infection but significant numbers of bacteria have colonized the urinary tract, the condition is called asymptomatic UTI (also called asymptomatic bacteriuria). The condition is harmless in most people and rarely persists, although it does increase the risk for developing symptomatic UTIs. Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria is not necessary during most routine medical examinations, with the following exceptions: Pregnant women. Pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria have an increased risk of acute pyelonephritis in their second or third trimester. Therefore, they need screening and treatment for this condition. Guidelines recommend that pregnant women be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria at 1. People undergoing urologic surgery (such as prostate surgery in men). The presence of an infection during surgery can lead to serious consequences. Causes. The bacterial strains that cause UTIs include: Escherichia (E.) coli is responsible for most uncomplicated cystitis cases in women, especially in younger women. If it spreads to the vaginal opening, it may invade and colonize the bladder, causing an infection. The spread of E. They are generally found in UTIs in older women. Rare bacterial causes of UTIs include Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis, which are typically harmless organisms. Organisms in Severe or Complicated Infections. The bacteria that cause kidney infections (pyelonephritis) are generally the same bacteria that cause cystitis. There is some evidence, however, the E. For example, beneficial organisms called lactobacilli increase the acidic environment in the female urinary tract. Reductions in their number (which, for example, occur with estrogen loss after menopause), increase p. H and therefore the risk of infection. Risk Factors. After the flu and common cold, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common medical complaint among women in their reproductive years. UTIs are far more common among women than among men. Most women will develop a UTI at some time in their lives, and many will have recurrences. Specific Risk Factors in Women. Structure of the Female Urinary Tract. In general, the higher risk in women is mostly due to the shortness of the female urethra, which is 1. Bacteria from fecal matter at the anal opening can be easily transferred to the opening of the urethra. The female and male urinary tracts are similar except for the length of the urethra. Frequent or recent sexual activity is the most important risk factor for urinary tract infection in young women. Nearly 8. 0% of all urinary tract infections in premenopausal women occur within 2. UTIs are very rare in celibate women. However, UTIs are NOT sexually transmitted infections. Over- the- counter weight- loss pills: Do they work? Over- the- counter weight- loss pills. The temptation to use over- the- counter weight- loss pills to lose weight fast is strong. But are these products safe and effective? By Mayo Clinic Staff. The appeal of losing weight quickly is hard to resist. But do weight- loss pills and products lighten anything but your wallet? And are they a safe option for weight loss? Here's a look at some over- the- counter weight- loss pills and what they will and won't do for you. Setting realistic expectations. There's no magic bullet for losing weight. The most effective way to lose weight and keep it off is through lifestyle changes. Eat a healthy low- calorie diet with lots of fruits and vegetables and be physically active. Weight- loss pills — prescription medicines, nonprescription drugs, herbal medicines or other dietary supplements — are all, at best, tools that may help with weight loss. But there is relatively little research about these products, and the best studied of these are prescription weight- loss drugs. For example, a 2. The researchers concluded that when a person makes appropriate lifestyle changes, a prescription weight- loss drug increases the likelihood of achieving . Also, possible side effects and adverse reactions to weight- loss pills can affect the treatment outcome. A reasonable expectation, therefore, is that prescription weight- loss pills may be beneficial, but they won't be magical. They do not work for everyone, and their benefit may be modest. And researchers know much less about the potential benefits and risks of over- the- counter weight- loss products. Understanding over- the- counter treatment regulations. Over- the- counter weight- loss treatments fall into two general categories: Nonprescription drugs. Dietary supplements. The standards for regulating the production and marketing of these two types of treatments are different. For a nonprescription drug, such as orlistat (Alli), the drug company must provide the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with results from human (clinical) trials that show the safety and effectiveness of the drug at the nonprescription dose. The maker of a dietary supplement is responsible for ensuring the safety of a product and making honest claims about possible benefits. However, the maker's claims are not subject to FDA review or approval before marketing. Also, the type or quality of research used to support claims can vary. If the FDA can demonstrate that a substance is unsafe, the agency can ban the product or ask a manufacturer to withdraw it voluntarily. The FDA may also take action against a manufacturer if there is no evidence at all to support a claim. These differences in research, production and marketing can make it difficult for people to make informed decisions about products. Interpreting claims on weight- loss supplements. When a dietary supplement is marketed as . Such a claim, however, provides no details about the clinical research. For example, raspberry ketone supplements are marketed as clinically proven, natural weight- loss products. As of November 2. The results include the following information: The eight- week trial used a multi- ingredient supplement with raspberry ketone, caffeine, bitter orange, ginger root extract and garlic root extract, as well as other herbs, vitamins and minerals. Seventy obese adults were randomly assigned to receive either the supplement or an inactive ingredient (placebo). All of the participants were placed on a restricted diet and exercise program. Forty- five people completed all eight weeks of the trial. Among people completing the trial, the average weight loss in the supplement group was 4. The average weight loss in the placebo group was 0. While the difference between the two groups was significant, the weight loss in the treatment group was still modest. And the trial was only eight weeks, which is not long enough to know if the supplement will help promote weight loss over the long term. Because the supplement included multiple ingredients, it's not possible to judge which ingredients caused a treatment effect. Therefore, the size, method and duration of the trial provide insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about the potential benefits of raspberry ketone. Dec. 1. 9, 2. 01. Dietary supplements for weight loss. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Accessed Nov. 1. 3, 2. Hensrud DD (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Yanovski SZ, et al. Long- term drug treatment for obesity: A systematic and clinical review. Lopez HL, et al. Eight weeks of supplementation with a multi- ingredient weight loss product enhances body composition, reduces hip and waist girth, and increases energy levels in overweight men and women. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Bitter orange. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Accessed Nov. 2. 3, 2. Alli. Glaxo. Smith. Kline Consumer Healthcare, L. P. Accessed Nov. 2. Bitter orange. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Accessed Nov. 2. 6, 2. Chitosan. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Accessed Nov. 2. 3, 2. Chromium. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Accessed Nov. 2. 3, 2. Conjugated linoleic acid. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Accessed Nov. 2. 3, 2. Onakpoya I, et al. The use of green coffee extract as a weight loss supplement: A systematic review and meta- analysis of randomised clinical trials. Gastroenterology Research and Practice. Green coffee extract. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Accessed Nov. 2. 3, 2. Green tea extract. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Accessed Nov. 2. 3, 2. Guar gum. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Accessed Nov. 2. 3, 2. Hoodia. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Accessed Nov. 2. 3, 2. See more In- depth.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
November 2017
Categories |