Vikings - Wikipedia. Vikings (Old English wicing—. ![]() ![]() This period of Nordic military, mercantile and demographic expansion constitutes an important element in the early medieval history of Scandinavia, Estonia, the British Isles, France, Kievan Rus' and Sicily. Following extended phases of (primarily sea- or river- borne) exploration, expansion and settlement, Viking (Norse) communities and polities were established in diverse areas of north- western Europe, European Russia, the North Atlantic islands and as far as the north- eastern coast of North America. This period of expansion witnessed the wider dissemination of Norse culture, while simultaneously introducing strong foreign cultural influences into Scandinavia itself, with profound developmental implications in both directions. Popular, modern conceptions of the Vikings—the term frequently applied casually to their modern descendants and the inhabitants of modern Scandinavia—often strongly differ from the complex picture that emerges from archaeology and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as noble savages began to emerge in the 1. Viking revival. Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clich. According to this theory, the word simply described persons from this area, and it is only in the last few centuries that it has taken on the broader sense of early medieval Scandinavians in general. Taiteen maisteri Umayya Abu-Hanna 42.000![]() However, there are a few major problems with this theory. People from the Viken area were not called 'Viking' in Old Norse manuscripts, but are referred to as v. In addition, that explanation could only explain the masculine (Old Scandinavianv. There is little indication of any negative connotation in the term before the end of the Viking Age. Another etymology (supported by, among others, the recognised etymologist Anatoly Liberman. This is found in the Proto- Nordic verb *wikan, . Liquid Market Definition . The opposite of a liquid market is called a "thin market. The Old Norse feminine v. In that case, the word Viking was not originally connected to Scandinavian seafarers but assumed this meaning when the Scandinavians begun to dominate the seas. In Old English, and in the history of the archbishops of Hamburg- Bremen written by Adam of Bremen in about 1. Scandinavian pirates or raiders. As in the Old Norse usages, the term is not employed as a name for any people or culture in general. The word does not occur in any preserved Middle English texts. One theory made by the Icelander . 9780873552660 0873552660 Technology-Based Inquiry for Middle School - An NSTA Press Journals Collection, Edwin P Christmann 9780415463010 0415463017 Museums in a. You have not yet voted on this site! If you have already visited the site, please help us classify the good from the bad by voting on this site. The indigenous hunter-gatherer people of southern Africa prefer to be identified by the names of their individual nations, for example the: ![]() The word Viking was introduced into Modern English during the 1. Viking revival, at which point it acquired romanticised heroic overtones of . During the 2. 0th century, the meaning of the term was expanded to refer not only to seaborne raiders from Scandinavia and other places settled by them (like Iceland and the Faroe Islands), but secondarily to any member of the culture that produced said raiders during the period from the late 8th to the mid- 1. As an adjective, the word is used to refer to ideas, phenomena, or artefacts connected with those people and their cultural life, producing expressions like Viking age, Viking culture, Viking art, Viking religion, Viking ship and so on. Roslagen is located along the coast of the northern tip of the pink area marked . Some archaeologists and historians of today believe that these Scandinavian settlements in the Slavic lands played a significant role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' federation, and hence the names and early states of Russia and Belarus. Scandinavian bodyguards of the Byzantine emperors were known as the Varangian Guard. ![]() The Franks normally called them Northmen or Danes, while for the English they were generally known as Danes or heathen and the Irish knew them as pagans or gentiles. It is used in distinction from Anglo- Saxon. Similar terms exist for other areas, such as Hiberno- Norse for Ireland and Scotland. History. Viking Age. The period from the earliest recorded raids in the 7. Norman conquest of England in 1. Viking Age of Scandinavian history. The Normans were descended from Vikings who were given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France—the Duchy of Normandy—in the 1. In that respect, descendants of the Vikings continued to have an influence in northern Europe. Likewise, King Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo- Saxon king of England, had Danish ancestors. Two Vikings even ascended to the throne of England, with Sweyn Forkbeard claiming the English throne from 1. Cnut the Great becoming king of England from 1. The Greenland settlement eventually died out, possibly due to climate change. Traditionally containing large numbers of Scandinavians, it was known as the Varangian Guard. The word Varangian may have originated in Old Norse, but in Slavic and Greek it could refer either to Scandinavians or Franks. The most eminent Scandinavian to serve in the Varangian Guard was Harald Hardrada, who subsequently established himself as king of Norway (1. There is archaeological evidence that Vikings reached Baghdad, the centre of the Islamic Empire. Important trading ports during the period include Birka, Hedeby, Kaupang, Jorvik, Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, and Kiev. Generally speaking, the Norwegians expanded to the north and west to places such as Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, and Greenland; the Danes to England and France, settling in the Danelaw (northern/eastern England) and Normandy; and the Swedes to the east, founding Kievan Rus'. Among the Swedish runestones mentioning expeditions overseas, almost half tell of raids and travels to western Europe. According to the Icelandic sagas, many Norwegian Vikings also went to eastern Europe. In the Viking Age, the present day nations of Norway, Sweden and Denmark did not exist, but were largely homogeneous and similar in culture and language, although somewhat distinct geographically. The names of Scandinavian kings are reliably known only for the later part of the Viking Age. After the end of the Viking Age the separate kingdoms gradually acquired distinct identities as nations, which went hand- in- hand with their Christianisation. Thus the end of the Viking Age for the Scandinavians also marks the start of their relatively brief Middle Ages. Viking expansion. The Viking experience throughout the north Atlantic was mainly about settlement with Iceland quickly becoming its most important colony. It is believed Iceland was colonised circa 8. Landnamark not recorded until 1. It wasn't until later in their history that they began to settle in other lands. This expansion occurred during the Medieval Warm Period. Their realm was bordered by powerful cultures to the south. Early on it was the Saxons, who occupied Old Saxony, located in what is now Northern Germany. The Saxons were a fierce and powerful people and were often in conflict with the Vikings. To counter the Saxon aggression and solidify their own presence, the Danes constructed the huge defence fortification of Danevirke in and around Hedeby. The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the Carolingian Empire. Fear of the Franks led the Vikings to further expand Danevirke, and the defence constructions remained in use throughout the Viking Age and even up until 1. The Vikings—led by King Gudfred—destroyed the Obotrite city of Reric on the southern Baltic coast in 8. AD and transferred the merchants and traders to Hedeby. One common theory posits that Charlemagne . England suffered from internal divisions and was relatively easy prey given the proximity of many towns to the sea or to navigable rivers. Lack of organised naval opposition throughout Western Europe allowed Viking ships to travel freely, raiding or trading as opportunity permitted. The decline in the profitability of old trade routes could also have played a role. Trade between western Europe and the rest of Eurasia suffered a severe blow when the Roman Empire fell in the 5th century. The Jutes invaded the British Isles three centuries earlier, pouring out from Jutland during the Age of Migrations, before the Danes settled there. The Saxons and the Angles did the same, embarking from mainland Europe. The Viking raids were, however, the first to be documented in writing by eyewitnesses, and they were much larger in scale and frequency than in previous times. This period of energetic activity also had a pronounced effect in the Scandinavian homelands, which were subject to a variety of new influences. Towns appeared that functioned as secular and ecclesiastical administrative centres and market sites, and monetary economies began to emerge based on English and German models. Foreign churchmen and native elites were energetic in furthering the interests of Christianity, which was now no longer operating only on a missionary footing, and old ideologies and lifestyles were transforming. By 1. 10. 3, the first archbishopric was founded in Scandinavia, at Lund, Scania, then part of Denmark. The assimilation of the nascent Scandinavian kingdoms into the cultural mainstream of European Christendom altered the aspirations of Scandinavian rulers and of Scandinavians able to travel overseas, and changed their relations with their neighbours. One of the primary sources of profit for the Vikings had been slave- taking. The medieval Church held that Christians should not own fellow Christians as slaves, so chattel slavery diminished as a practice throughout northern Europe. This took much of the economic incentive out of raiding, though sporadic slaving activity continued into the 1. Scandinavian predation in Christian lands around the North and Irish Seas diminished markedly. The kings of Norway continued to assert power in parts of northern Britain and Ireland, and raids continued into the 1. Scandinavian rulers were now directed toward new paths. In 1. 10. 7, Sigurd I of Norway sailed for the eastern Mediterranean with Norwegian crusaders to fight for the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, and Danes and Swedes participated energetically in the Baltic Crusades of the 1.
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