![]() ![]() If You Eat Excess Protein, Does It Turn Into Excess Glucose? Nora Gedgaudas Also, keep in mind that a significant percentage of protein consumed that is in excess of what you actually need for your daily maintenance and repair will convert to sugar and get used exactly the same way. The Glycemic Response to Isoglucogenic Quantities of Protein and Carbohydrate. J Clin Invest. 1. JCI1. 00. 81. 8 (Emphasis ours) In the process of protein metabolism, the complex protein molecule is split in the intestinal tract to amino- acids. These are absorbed into the blood stream and transported to the liver where oxidative deamination occurs. Here the glycogenic amino- acids are split to form urea and glucose. That this process is a slow one is shown in the charts by the slowly rising blood urea nitrogen. Glucose is, therefore, liberated into the blood stream in this process at a slow and even rate over a prolonged period of time. Under these conditions the diabetic is able to utilize a greater total amount of glucose without glycosuria in the eight hour period. Therefore, the inability of a diabetic to dispose of large quantities of glucose is partially compensated if the glucose is presented for utilization slowly and evenly. There appears, then, to be some advantage to the diabetic of this slow liberation of glucose from protein foods. Evidence type: review of experiments F. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Peters, and R. The relationship between gluconeogenic substrate supply and glucose production in humans. AJP - Endo February 1, 1. E2. 88- E2. 96 (Emphasis ours) Gluconeogenesis plays an integral role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in humans, contributing about one- third of glucose produced in the postabsorptive state and all glucose produced when hepatic glycogen is depleted by starvation (6, 2. Because the results of in vivo experiments in humans and animals (1. Several studies in vivo support this concept. For example, we and others have demonstrated that the hyperglycemic response to severe burn injury and sepsis is a direct result of an increased rate of glucose production, which is associated with a concomitant increase in the fluxes of alanine and lactate, major gluconeogenic substrates (1. ![]() ![]() The proposed regulatory role of precursor supply received further support in the quest to rationally explain the paradox of a reduced glucose production rate (and hypoglycemia) in starvation, despite a hormonal- substrate milieu that would normally favor stimulation of gluconeogenesis (2, 7, 1. After prolonged starvation (3- 4 wk), human subjects had low levels of gluconeogenic precursors associated with hypoglycemia and a reduced glucose production rate (6, 7, 1. Infusion of unlabeled alanine caused hyperglycemia and an increased incorporation of . It was therefore proposed by Cahill, Felig, and Marliss and their associates (7, 1. In contrast, the findings of several kinetic studies performed in human and dog do not support this proposal (1, 3. These studies in postabsorptive subjects employed either the isotope dilution or hepatic vein catheterization techniques and failed to show any significant change in glucose production rate in response to infusions of substantial quantities of alanine, lactate, and glycerol even when there was a fivefold increase in the hepatic uptake of the infused substrate (1, 3. These conflicting findings suggest that the relationship between gluconeogenic substrate supply and gluconeogenic enzyme activity in prolonged starvation may be different from that of the postabsorptive state. Alternatively, it is possible that the response to an increase in precursor supply is different from the response to a decrease. This latter possibility could occur if the endogenous supply of gluconeogenic precursors is just sufficient to maximally satisfy the capacity of the gluconeogenis enzyme system or of a particular key- limiting enzyme. On the other hand, results of the DCA experiments suggest a coupling between precursor supply and gluconeogenic enzyme capacity. In this light, if there is a stimulation in gluconeogenic enzyme capacity (for example because of hyperglucagonemia of severe trauma), then there will have to be an increased rate of uptake of gluconeogenic precursors to meet the requirements of such a stimulated system. Thus the rate of uptake of gluconeogenic substrates and the rate of glucose production will be closely related, but the increased uptake of gluconeogenic precursors will be a consequence of a stimulated gluconeogenic enzyme system rather than the cause of an increased rate of gluconeogenesis. Evidence type: review of experiments Frank Q. Nuttall, Angela Ngo, Mary C. Regulation of hepatic glucose production and the role of gluconeogenesis in humans: is the rate of gluconeogenesis constant? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2. In people with diabetes, whether gluconeogenesis remains unchanged is at present uncertain. Hcg Diet Dangers 2012 ToyotaAvailable data are very limited. The mechanism by which gluconeogenesis remains relatively constant, even in the setting of excess substrates, is not known. One interesting speculation is that gluconeogenic substrates substitute for each other depending on availability. Thus, the overall rate is either unaffected or only modestly changed. This requires further confirmation. Evidence type: experimental P. Bisschop, A. Pereira Arias, M. Whole Food Mommies is a best Cooking Blog where you can find Whole Food Recipes, Healthy Dishes and Whole Food Nutrition for your kids and family. By now you’ve probably heard about it: the HCG Diet, an extreme diet that involves injections of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). HCG is the hormone women make. ![]() Ackermans, E. Sauerwein and J. The Effects of Carbohydrate Variation in Isocaloric Diets on Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis in Healthy Men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism May 1, 2. Emphasis ours) Abstract. To evaluate the effect of dietary carbohydrate content on postabsorptive glucose metabolism, we quantified gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis after 1. Diets were eucaloric and provided 1. Postabsorptive glucose production was measured by infusion of . Postabsorptive glucose production rates were 1. Gluconeogenesis was about 1.
The rates of glycogenolysis were 7. Glucose appearance rate following protein ingestion in normal subjects. J Am Coll Nutr December 1. Unfortunately, we have been unable to access the full text of this paper. If anyone having access to this paper would like to share it with us, we would be grateful, because it is the most relevant experiment we could find on the topic, and further details may be important. Carr, Marianne O. Larsen, Maria S. Deacon, and Bo Ahr. Incretin and islet hormonal responses to fat and protein ingestion in healthy men. AJP - Endo October 2. E7. 79- E7. 84 (Emphasis ours) Fasting glucose levels were 4. Fasting insulin levels were 5. Insulin levels were unaltered after water ingestion, whereas they increased after fat and protein ingestion. The increased plasma insulin concentrations were seen between 3. P = 0. 0. 31 vs. When compared with water ingestion, fat and protein ingestion both significantly increased early and late insulin responses (Table 1). These responses were more pronounced after protein than after fat ingestion (P < 0. Fasting glucagon levels were 6. Glucagon levels were unaltered after water ingestion. In contrast, glucagon levels were increased by both fat and protein ingestion, with significant elevations from minute 1. P = 0. 0. 19 vs. The late glucagon response was increased by fat ingestion, whereas, after protein ingestion, both early and late responses were significantly increased. As for insulin, early and late glucagon responses were higher after protein ingestion than after fat ingestion (both P < 0. Fig. Lin and Domenico Accili. Hormonal Regulation Of Hepatic Glucose Production In Health And Disease. July 6; 1. 4(1): 9–1. Emphasis ours) Tracer studies in dogs have defined hormonal regulation of HGP . As in the isolated rodent liver, HGP is exquisitely sensitive to glucagon and insulin. Glucagon sets the basal tone, but insulin trumps glucagon at any concentration–just as it does in vitro. Both hormones affect primarily glycogenolysis by reciprocal changes of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase, and by modulating glycolysis through glucokinase, fructose- bisphosphatase and pyruvate kinase (see below) (Cherrington, 1. Hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis has proven difficult to demonstrate. Diagnosing Miscarriage With h. CG Levels. Your doctor may use your blood h. CG levels to diagnose whether you're having a miscarriage. But what exactly do the numbers of this blood test mean, and what does it mean if serial measurements are falling or if they fail to double? What may other tests be done? What Is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (h. CG)? Human chorionic gonadotropin (h. CG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy, and an h. CG blood test measures the level of this hormone in your bloodstream. There are two different types of h. CG blood tests: Qualitative (returning a yes/no answer about whether the woman has h. CG in her blood)Quantitative (returning a measurement of the precise amount of h. CG in the blood)Why Doctors Order h. CG Blood Tests. Some doctors test h. CG levels in early pregnancy as a routine part of prenatal care for all women. Most often, however, urine- based h. CG tests are used to confirm a pregnancy. Physicians usually order a quantitative h. CG blood test only when they need more information about what is going on in a particular patient’s pregnancy. This may occur if a woman has vaginal bleeding, miscarriage symptoms, or a medical history or pain which could mean an ectopic pregnancy. An h. CG blood test does not require any special preparation or planning, and you do not have to fast before having your blood drawn. Also, the results should not be affected by the time of day you get your blood was drawn or the amount of water you drink before the test. That's a benefit of using an h. CG blood test over an h. CG urine test, which is affected by the concentration of your urine. It's key to note that in addition to monitoring your h. CG levels, your doctor may also perform an ultrasound, both to help determine if you may have had a miscarriage and to make sure you don't have an ectopic pregnancy. Serial h. CG Blood Tests. A single h. CG test may be done to see if your levels are in the normal range of h. CG for a specific point in pregnancy while serial h. CG measurements are done to look at h. CG doubling times. This gives your doctor an idea of whether or not your pregnancy is progressing as it should. With serial h. CG measurements, quantitative h. CG blood tests are drawn two to three days apart. This is because ordinarily, in early pregnancy, the h. CG level in your blood doubles every two to three days. If your h. CG doubling time is slower than expected, or if it decreases over time, this may be a sign of a miscarriage or an ectopic pregnancy. Keep in mind that in roughly 1. CG doubling time is slower than expected, and an abnormally slow increase does not necessarily mean there is a problem with your pregnancy. When Do h. CG Levels Stop Doubling? It's important to note that h. CG doubling time can be an important tool in early pregnancy, but as pregnancy progresses, doubling time slows down. By six to seven weeks gestation (or when your level passes 1,2. IU/ml) doubling time decreases to roughly every three days, and after the level reaches around 6,0. IU/ml, doubling time occurs every four days. By the time you reach eight to 1. CG level will have reached its peak. While h. CG doubling times become less reliable later in the first trimester, other tools such as transvaginal ultrasound become more important in determining the status of your pregnancy. When h. CG Levels Suggest a Miscarriage. Your doctor is the best person to tell you what your h. CG levels mean, because normal h. CG levels vary significantly from person to person, and single h. CG levels (even single low h. CG levels) do not give much information on how a pregnancy is progressing. Your doctor can compare the information from your h. CG results to other information in your medical history, such as whether or not you are having miscarriage symptoms and the results of an early ultrasound, in order to make a diagnosis. In general, however, if the h. CG levels are dropping in the first trimester, this probably is a sign of impending miscarriage. On the other hand, slow- rising h. CG levels that do not double every two or three days in early pregnancy may be a sign of problems, but can also occur in a normal pregnancy. Finally, it's important to understand that h. CG levels may persist for up to a few weeks after a miscarriage. In other words, you may continue to have a positive urine or quantitative h. CG level even after a miscarriage has occurred. When h. CG Levels Suggest an Ectopic Pregnancy. Slow- rising quantitative h. CG levels, at least in early pregnancy, may be a sign of an ectopic pregnancy. Since a ruptured ectopic pregnancy can be dangerous, your doctor may recommend a transvaginal ultrasound to look for signs of an ectopic pregnancy. If your h. CG level is at least 1,5. IU/ml and a gestational sac is not visualized on early ultrasound, an ectopic pregnancy may be present. Since women may not have any symptoms prior to rupture, carefully following any recommendations about repeat h. CG levels and ultrasound examinations is important. A Word From Verywell. Monitoring quantitative h. CG levels can provide helpful information to assess whether you are miscarrying or have other pregnancy complications such as an ectopic pregnancy. Since h. CG levels vary from person to person, however, serial levels a few days apart give a better idea of the status of your pregnancy. In addition to your h. CG levels, your doctor will use other information like any physical symptoms you are experiencing and the results of an early ultrasound to determine if a miscarriage is occurring. While you are having your h. CG levels monitored you may be feeling anxious, and this is understandable. In coping with this uncertainty, many women don't know if they should be excited about pregnancy or grieving a miscarriage. Knowing how difficult this uncertainty can be, it may be helpful to ask your doctor questions and inquire about the next steps, so you play a knowledgeable and proactive role in what is going on with your pregnancy. Sources: Cunningham. Williams Obstetrics. Mc. Graw- Hill, 2. Print. Cunningham FG et al. Williams Obstetrics. New York: Mc. Graw- Hill Education. Seeber, B. What Serial h. CG Can Tell You, and Cannot Tell You, About an Early Pregnancy. Fertility and Sterility. Visconti, K., and N. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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